Meaning, types and removal of malware
Malware is one of the biggest cybersecurity threats today. Whether it's viruses, Trojans, spyware or ransomware, the malware's goal is always the same: to steal data, compromise systems or make financial gain. In our guide, we look at what you need to know about malware, how to detect and remove different types of infection.
What is malware?
Malware is short for malicious software. It is an umbrella term for any program or code created by cybercriminals to harm users, devices or networks.
What is the purpose of malware?
The motives behind malware are varied, but they all have one thing in common: the perpetrators use it for their own gain, while the victim suffers a loss.
Cybercriminals often use this software to defraud money, for example by stealing bank data, encrypting business-critical information, or locking down systems completely and then demanding a ransom to restore them.
In state-sponsored attacks, the goal is often espionage or sabotage. This includes obtaining intellectual property and intelligence from competitors, or even crippling critical infrastructure such as power grids to disrupt or disrupt internet services.
History of malware
"The evolution of malware shows how what started as harmless attempts have now become global cyber threats.
Here are the main stages in the evolution of malwares:
1980s - Elk Cloner and the Brain Virus
In 1982, Elk Cloner was released and distributed on Apple II computers using floppy disks. Although it did no direct damage, it was released as an unwanted intrusion - illustrating the basic meaning of malware: software that the user does not want on their machine.
The first virus to infect IBM PC-compatible computers was Brain, created by two Pakistani programmers in 1986. It infected the boot sector of floppy disks and was activated when the computer booted. Although it did not initially cause serious damage, Brain was the first widespread malware to infect PCs and raised awareness of the vulnerability of personal computers to malware.
1990s - Macro viruses and the dominance of Windows
With the rise of Windows, attackers began to exploit Microsoft's Word macro language. Macro viruses spread through documents at lightning speed and gave rise to the concept of a malware-centric threat environment.
2002-2007 - Instant messengers and the age of worms
In the heyday of AOL, MSN Messenger, AIM and Yahoo Messenger, self-replicating worms appeared. Clicking on messages that deceived users ("Who's that with you in this pic???") downloaded malicious code that immediately sent itself to the victim's full contact list.
2005-2009 - Adware and legal battles
Adware started out as legitimate adware, but has become increasingly aggressive. Full-screen, unclosable ads have led to several software vendors suing adware developers, but the phenomenon has persisted to this day.
2007-2009 - Malware on social networks
With the rise of Myspace, Twitter and Facebook, attackers have a new platform. Malicious links, fake applications and advertisements have been used to spread malware on social platforms.
2013 - The rise of ransomware
Ransomware came to the fore in 2013, often hidden in Trojans or through malvertising. Since then it has remained one of the most destructive forms of attack, locking up critical data and demanding ransom.
From 2015 to today - Cryptojacking and new trends
In 2017, the popularity of cryptocurrencies was accompanied by the emergence of cryptojacking: attackers use victims' computers to covertly mine cryptocurrency. Ransomware, adware and cryptojacking remain the main types of malware, and there is no sign that their importance will diminish in the near future.
The most common types of malware
Malware comes in many forms, each trying to harm the system or the user in a different way.
Below is a brief summary of the most common types of malware:
1. Viruses
They are attached to an existing file or document. They are activated when the infected file is opened. They can copy themselves, delete files and disable the system.
2. Worms
They are self-propagating through networks and do not require a host file. They can multiply at high speeds, overloading the network or system.
3. Trojans
They masquerade as a useful program, but in the background they steal data, modify files or open a backdoor for attackers.
4. Spyware
They covertly monitor user activities - for example, recording keystrokes, saving login details, or transmitting browsing habits.
5. Adware
The adware installs itself on the user's device unsolicited and displays advertisements - often in the form of pop-up windows. These are designed to generate revenue from clicks while slowing down the system. More dangerous adware variants can modify browser settings, install additional software and open the door to other malware.
6. Ransomware
They encrypt the computer files and then demand a ransom for their recovery. One of the fastest spreading and most destructive types of malware.
7. Fileless malware
It leaves no trace on the hard disk, but runs directly in memory. This makes it difficult for traditional anti-virus software to detect and remove.
8. Botnets
Botnets are networks of infected devices that are remotely controlled by attackers. They are often used to launch DDoS attacks, send spam or steal data.
9. Cryptojacking
With the proliferation of cryptocurrencies came cryptojacking: attackers use the computing power of the victim's device to surreptitiously mine cryptocurrency. This slows down the system significantly. It is often introduced through email attachments, infected websites or browsing vulnerabilities.
10. Exploits and exploit kits
The exploit exploits security flaws in software to bypass defences and install malware. Exploit kits are automated tools that quickly and efficiently search for and attack vulnerabilities. Common targets include browsers, PDF readers and Java-based programs.
How does malware infect?
Different types of malware spread in different ways, but they all have in common that as digital threats evolve, so do the attack surfaces. Malware can now not only gain access via traditional email attachments or infected websites, but also by exploiting a number of vulnerabilities in modern networks.
Most common ways in which malware can enter and spread:
- Unsafe devices: personal mobile phones, computers and IoT devices can easily open up a platform for attack
- Weak security networks: unsecured networks of supply chains, partners can be gateways to corporate systems
- Outdated software: vulnerabilities in old, unupdated devices make them easy targets for malware
- E-mail attachments: once infected files are opened, the malware can spread rapidly within the organisation
- Phishing (spear phishing): deceptive messages to obtain passwords and access
- Smishing (SMS-based phishing): malicious links in mobile phone messages
- File servers: infected documents can be mass distributed through shared file systems
- File sharing software and media: USB drives and other devices can easily transfer malware to other systems
- Peer-to-peer (P2P) sharing: infected files disguised as music, videos or images can reach users
- Network vulnerabilities: remotely exploitable flaws that allow attackers to enter the system without geographical restrictions
How can a malware infection be detected?
When users fall victim to malware, whether at home or at work, early detection is key to minimising the damage caused by malware. Infections often give small signs of themselves: slow performance, frequent freezes, unexpected pop-ups or the appearance of unfamiliar programs can all be telltale.
Companies use a variety of tools to identify malware, including:
- Antivirus software - basic protection that detects and removes malwares.
- Firewalls - filter network traffic and block suspicious communications.
- Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) systems - monitor and manage suspicious activity at endpoints (e.g. computers, mobile phones).
- Extended Detection and Response (XDR) solutions - provide broader coverage than EDR, combining security signals from email, identity management and cloud applications.
- Managed Detection and Response (MDR) services - continuous monitoring and response, backed up by expert support.
- Cyber threat hunting - active search for hidden threats.
If suspicious activity occurs, running a full system scan and scanning log files (logs) can help confirm the presence of malware.
- EDR plays a key role in identifying and isolating the endpoints concerned.
- XDR gives a more comprehensive picture because it combines signals from multiple sources to provide insight into attacks at an organisational level.
- And MDR adds human expert supervision to all this, allowing a faster and more efficient response.
Together, they offer a unified and layered approach to malware threat detection and mitigation, helping companies reduce damage and maintain security.
Online malware scanner and anti-malware programs
If you suspect that your computer or mobile device is infected but don't want to install new software straight away, an online malware scanner can be useful. These web-based solutions can scan files and links and alert you if malicious content is found. While they can be useful as a first step, it is important to know that they are not a substitute for having anti-malware software installed to provide full protection.
There are several free malware removers available that can detect and remove the most common malware. One of the best known is Malwarebytes Anti-Malware, which is also available in English and has a free version. These anti-malware programs are effective in cleaning infected computers, although for complete protection, the real-time features of the paid versions are usually recommended.
How can we protect ourselves against malware attacks?
Protection is not just about reacting, but about taking proactive steps to prevent infections, minimise risks and increase security awareness. Effective protection relies on a combination of prevention, preparedness and education.
1. Avoiding Malware
Most malware can be recognized if we are aware of its signs. It often appears in spam emails, infected websites, or pop-up windows. Phishing messages often contain malware, so we should always be suspicious of unexpected attachments and links.
2. Data backup (backup)
One of the best preliminary protection methods is regular data backup. Even if an attack is successful, a safe backup can be used to restore the infected system. It is important to keep backups separate from the network so that malware cannot access them.
3. Employee training
Employees need to be aware of the meaning of malware, how it works and what they need to do to stay safe. This includes using strong passwords, knowing the benefits of multi-factor authentication and recognising suspicious emails or pop-ups.
4. Vulnerability checks
A comprehensive cyber defence system can help identify vulnerabilities through which malware could enter the network. This includes endpoints (PC, mobile, server) and cloud services.
We previously wrote about vulnerability testing here >>
5. Using the sandbox
Sandboxing allows infected files to run in an isolated environment where IT professionals can analyse the behaviour of malicious code. This keeps the rest of the network protected while the attack is under control.
6. Firewall protection (NGFW)
The advanced next-generation firewall (NGFW) technology provides two-way protection: filtering incoming and outgoing network traffic, blocking malware communication and performing deeper traffic monitoring. Regularly updating NGFW is key to staying up-to-date against new threats.
7. Antivirus and real-time protection
Modern antivirus programs rely on global threat databases that identify and neutralise malware in real time. Some services detect tens of thousands of new samples every minute, providing highly effective protection.
8. Remove malware
If a device is infected, the best method is to run up-to-date antivirus software. These can detect, remove and quarantine malware on all types of devices - desktop, laptop, smartphone and tablet.
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